BSW-044 Tribals in North and Northeast Region in India ASSIGNMENTS: 2024-2025 (CTRBS)
Course Code: BSW-044
Total marks: 100
Note:
i) Answer all the five questions.
ii) All questions carry equal marks.
iii) Answers to questions no. 1 and 2 should not exceed 600 words each.
Key Aspects of Tribal Displacement:
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Causes of Displacement:
- Development Projects: Construction of dams, highways, factories, and urban expansion.
- Mining and Industrial Activities: Exploitation of natural resources in tribal areas.
- Forest Conservation Laws: Implementation of policies that restrict tribal access to their traditional lands.
- Wars and Conflicts: Tribal regions affected by conflicts often see large-scale displacement.
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Impact of Displacement:
- Loss of Land and Livelihood: Tribals lose access to their agricultural lands, forests, and natural resources that sustain their traditional lifestyle.
- Cultural Erosion: Relocation disrupts their traditional practices, language, and community networks.
- Social Marginalization: Tribals are often resettled in areas with poor infrastructure, leading to poverty and exclusion.
- Mental and Emotional Distress: Loss of identity and community often leads to psychological trauma.
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Consequences:
- Increased unemployment and poverty.
- Difficulty in adapting to urban or semi-urban lifestyles.
- Struggle to access healthcare, education, and basic facilities.
- Conflicts with local communities in resettlement areas.
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Legal and Social Remedies:
- Implementation of rehabilitation and resettlement policies.
- Recognition of tribal rights under laws like the Forest Rights Act, 2006 in India.
- Ensuring tribal participation in decision-making processes for projects affecting their lands.
- Sustainable development approaches that minimize displacement and protect tribal rights.
The displacement of tribals raises serious ethical, environmental, and human rights concerns. It highlights the need for balancing development with equity and justice for indigenous communities.
Or
In your own words describe the origin of the Khasi tribes and the religious and Inheritance practiced among the Khasi tribes.
Ans:-
Origin of the Khasi Tribes:
The Khasi tribes are an indigenous community primarily found in the northeastern Indian state of Meghalaya, particularly in the Khasi Hills. They are believed to be one of the earliest settlers in the region and are part of the Austro-Asiatic language family, which links them to other ancient Southeast Asian groups. The Khasis have a distinct cultural identity that sets them apart from other tribal communities in India. According to folklore and oral traditions, the Khasis trace their origins to celestial beings who descended to Earth and settled in the Khasi hills, creating a strong connection between their heritage and nature.
Religion Practiced Among the Khasi Tribes:
Traditionally, the Khasis practiced Niam Khasi, an indigenous animistic religion deeply rooted in nature worship. They believe in a supreme deity called U Blei Nongthaw (The Creator) and honor various natural elements such as forests, rivers, and mountains as sacred. Their spiritual practices revolve around:
- Ancestral Worship: They revere their ancestors and believe that they guide and protect the living.
- Sacred Groves: Specific areas of forest are considered sacred and are preserved as places of worship and rituals.
- Festivals: The Khasi tribes celebrate festivals like Shad Suk Mynsiem, a harvest dance festival that signifies gratitude to the Creator.
Today, many Khasis have embraced Christianity due to colonial influence, but a significant number continue to follow their traditional faith.
Inheritance Among the Khasi Tribes:
The Khasi community practices a matrilineal system of inheritance, which is one of their most distinctive social features. Key aspects include:
- Lineage Through Women: Descent is traced through the mother’s line, and family names and property pass from mother to daughter.
- Youngest Daughter (Ka Khadduh): The youngest daughter inherits the family property and is responsible for taking care of her parents and performing ancestral rituals.
- Role of Men: Although women inherit property, men often manage it and act as protectors of the family.
This matrilineal system reflects the Khasis’ respect for women and their central role in family and community life. However, it also sometimes sparks debates about gender dynamics and modern adaptation in Khasi society.
2. Discuss any two tribes found in Himachal Pradesh.
Ans:-
1. Gaddi Tribe
The Gaddis are a prominent tribal community in Himachal Pradesh, primarily found in the districts of Kangra, Chamba, and Mandi.
Lifestyle and Occupation:
- The Gaddis are traditionally pastoralists who rear sheep and goats. They are known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle, migrating to high-altitude pastures in summer and lower valleys during winter.
- Agriculture is their secondary occupation, with crops like maize and barley grown for subsistence.
Culture and Festivals:
- The Gaddis have a rich cultural heritage, reflected in their folk songs and dances, often performed during festivals like Minjar Fair and Shivratri.
- They are predominantly followers of Hinduism, worshipping deities like Lord Shiva and Goddess Durga.
Clothing:
- Their traditional attire is designed to withstand cold mountain climates. Men wear cholas (woolen tunics) and women wear luanchari, a long woolen dress.
2. Kinnaura Tribe
The Kinnaura tribe is another significant community found in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh.
Lifestyle and Occupation:
- The Kinnauras are agriculturists who cultivate crops like barley, buckwheat, and apples, the latter being a major source of income.
- They also engage in weaving woolen garments and shawls, which are famous for their intricate designs.
Religion:
- The Kinnauras follow a mix of Hinduism and Buddhism, with strong influences of Tibetan culture. They revere both local deities and Buddhist monks.
- Festivals like Phulaich Festival (flower festival) and Losar (Tibetan New Year) are significant to their culture.
Clothing and Customs:
- They wear traditional woolen attire, with the green Kinnauri cap being a distinguishing feature.
- Their society is known for polyandry (a practice where a woman marries multiple brothers), although this tradition is diminishing in modern times.
Both tribes are integral to Himachal Pradesh's rich cultural and social diversity, showcasing unique lifestyles adapted to the state's challenging mountainous terrain.
Or
Write a note on the Jamatia tribe found in Tripura.
Ans:-
The Jamatia Tribe of Tripura
The Jamatia tribe is one of the 19 officially recognized tribal communities of Tripura, a northeastern state in India. They are predominantly concentrated in the southern and western regions of the state, particularly in districts like Gomati, Sepahijala, and West Tripura.
History and Origin
The Jamatias derive their name from the word “Jametia,” meaning “people who belong to a specific regiment or group.” Historically, the Jamatias were known as warriors and were part of the royal army of Tripura's Manikya kings. Their warrior legacy played a significant role in safeguarding the kingdom during times of conflict.
Culture and Traditions
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Religion:
- Traditionally, the Jamatia tribe practiced animism, worshiping natural forces and deities.
- Many Jamatias have now embraced Hinduism, with a special reverence for Mata Tripureswari (the presiding deity of Tripura).
- They celebrate festivals like Garia Puja (to honor the deity of prosperity and protection) and Ker Puja (an offering for communal well-being).
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Marriage Practices:
- The Jamatia tribe strictly prohibits polygamy and has a distinctive custom of endogamy (marrying within their community).
- They follow traditional marriage rituals involving community participation and elaborate ceremonies.
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Social Practices:
- They are known for their organized community life, governed by their tribal council, the Hoda. The Hoda plays a significant role in resolving disputes and maintaining social harmony.
Economic Activities
- The Jamatias are primarily agrarian, relying on shifting cultivation (Jhum farming) and settled agriculture. They grow crops like rice, maize, and vegetables.
- Some are also engaged in fishing, hunting, and weaving.
Language and Clothing
- The Jamatia people speak Kokborok, the primary language of several Tripuri tribes, but many are bilingual and also speak Bengali.
- Their traditional attire includes rikutu (a cloth worn around the waist) for men and rinai and risa (handwoven garments) for women.
Challenges
The Jamatia tribe faces modern challenges such as:
- Land displacement due to urbanization.
- Preservation of their traditional language and customs.
- Economic struggles due to limited access to modern agricultural techniques and infrastructure.
Despite these challenges, the Jamatia tribe continues to preserve its rich cultural identity and contributes significantly to the socio-cultural landscape of Tripura.
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3. Answer any two of the following questions in about 300 words each:
i) Briefly explain the pattern of Migration.
ii) Write about the Head-Hunting culture of the Nagas.
iii) Discuss the social structure of the Meena tribe of Rajasthan.
iv) How did Christianity bring about a change among the tribals of Manipur?
Ans:- Here are the answers to the selected questions:
i) Briefly Explain the Pattern of Migration
Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another, either temporarily or permanently, for various reasons such as employment, education, or better living conditions. It can be classified into different patterns:
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Internal Migration:
- Movement within a country.
- Common types include rural-to-urban migration (in search of jobs) and urban-to-rural migration (often for lifestyle changes or retirement).
- Seasonal migration is also prevalent, where laborers move temporarily for agricultural or construction work.
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International Migration:
- Movement across countries, either for permanent settlement (immigration) or temporarily (e.g., student migration or labor migration).
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Voluntary vs. Forced Migration:
- Voluntary Migration: People move for better opportunities or to improve their quality of life.
- Forced Migration: Due to conflicts, natural disasters, or socio-political issues. For instance, refugees fleeing war zones or climate migrants displaced by rising sea levels.
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Urbanization Trend:
- A significant global trend involves rural populations moving to urban centers due to industrialization and economic opportunities, leading to megacities and slums.
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Chain Migration:
- A pattern where individuals or families follow relatives or community members to a specific destination, creating diasporas.
Migration impacts both origin and destination areas. While it helps reduce unemployment in rural areas and brings diversity to urban centers, it can strain resources and infrastructure in the destination regions.
ii) Write About the Head-Hunting Culture of the Nagas
The head-hunting culture of the Nagas, an indigenous tribal group of Nagaland in Northeast India, was a significant aspect of their traditional warrior society. This practice, now obsolete, was a form of warfare where warriors took the heads of their enemies as trophies.
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Cultural Belief:
- The Nagas believed that a warrior who brought back the head of an enemy gained prestige, power, and respect within the community.
- It was thought that the head contained the soul's life force, which could transfer strength and prosperity to the victor’s village.
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Rituals and Celebrations:
- The act of head-hunting was followed by elaborate rituals and feasts. The head was often displayed in the village as a symbol of bravery.
- Festivals like Aoling and Moatsu, which celebrate community and fertility, were influenced by this warrior culture.
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Social Role:
- The practice strengthened tribal identity and provided a means of defending territories and resources.
- It also acted as a rite of passage for young men entering adulthood.
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Abolition of Head-Hunting:
- British colonial rule, followed by the influence of Christian missionaries in the 19th and 20th centuries, played a significant role in ending this practice.
- Today, the Nagas have preserved their warrior traditions through symbolic dances, ornaments, and festivals while rejecting the violent aspects.
The head-hunting culture of the Nagas is a reminder of their rich heritage, now celebrated peacefully through art and tradition.
i) What do you understand by Bodoland? Why is the creation of BTAD significant?
Bodoland refers to the region in Assam predominantly inhabited by the Bodo community, an indigenous tribal group. The demand for Bodoland arose from the Bodo people’s aspirations for cultural preservation, political rights, and autonomy.
The Bodoland Territorial Area Districts (BTAD) were created in 2003 under the Bodo Accord, consisting of four districts: Kokrajhar, Baksa, Udalguri, and Chirang.
Significance of BTAD Creation:
- It provided political autonomy to the Bodo community under the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC), empowering them to govern and protect their cultural identity.
- It helped reduce violence and conflicts related to ethnic tensions in Assam.
- The region has seen developmental initiatives and cultural revival after the establishment of BTAD.
ii) Throw Some Light on the Bakarwal Tribe of Jammu and Kashmir
The Bakarwals are a nomadic pastoral tribe primarily residing in Jammu and Kashmir. They are closely related to the Gujjar community and share similar cultural and linguistic traits.
- Lifestyle and Occupation:
- The Bakarwals rear sheep, goats, and cattle and migrate seasonally between high-altitude meadows in summer and plains during winter.
- Culture:
- They practice Islam and follow simple traditions. Their folk tales, music, and dances reflect their deep connection with nature.
- Challenges:
- The tribe faces displacement due to political conflicts, climate change, and restrictions in accessing traditional grazing lands.
iii) Give a Brief Introduction About the State of Mizoram
Mizoram, a northeastern state of India, is located in the lush green hills and borders Myanmar and Bangladesh.
- Capital: Aizawl.
- Geography: The state is mountainous, with forests and rivers adding to its scenic beauty.
- Demographics: The majority population consists of the Mizo tribes, who speak the Mizo language (Lusei) and practice Christianity.
- Economy: Predominantly agrarian, with jhum cultivation and horticulture being common.
- Culture: Mizoram is known for its vibrant dances (e.g., Cheraw dance) and festivals like Chapchar Kut.
Mizoram became a full-fledged state in 1987 after years of political struggle, transforming it into a peaceful and progressive region.
iv) Describe Briefly the Festivals of the Miji Tribe
The Miji tribe, indigenous to Arunachal Pradesh, celebrates various festivals that reflect their spiritual beliefs and agricultural practices.
- Chindang Festival:
- Celebrated to mark the harvest season, this festival involves offerings to deities for good fortune and prosperity.
- Kha Chendi:
- A festival for community bonding, it features traditional dances, rituals, and feasts.
- Rituals:
- Festivals often include prayers to ancestral spirits and nature gods, showcasing their animistic religious beliefs.
v) Explain Briefly the Term ‘Morung’
A Morung is a traditional youth dormitory found in many Naga tribal villages in Northeast India. It serves as a:
- Training Center: A space where young boys learn skills like warfare, farming, and tribal customs.
- Cultural Hub: A place for storytelling, dances, and oral traditions, preserving tribal heritage.
- Community Institution: It fosters unity and discipline among the youth, preparing them for adulthood.
The Morung is an iconic symbol of Naga social and cultural life.
vi) Why is the Tharu Tribe in Uttarakhand Considered the Largest of the Primitive Tribes in the Region?
The Tharu tribe is the largest primitive tribal group in Uttarakhand, primarily residing in the Terai region.
- Population: Their large numbers make them the most significant tribal group in the state.
- Lifestyle: They are agrarian and live in close harmony with nature, practicing traditional farming methods.
- Culture: Known for their unique dialects, vibrant attire, and folk dances.
- Challenges: Despite their size, the Tharus face issues like poverty, lack of education, and displacement due to developmental projects.
Their resilience and distinct identity make them an integral part of Uttarakhand’s cultural landscape.
i) Rabari Tribe of Rajasthan
The Rabari tribe, primarily found in Rajasthan, is a semi-nomadic community known for cattle rearing and camel herding. They are also skilled in embroidery and craftwork, producing intricate textiles that reflect their culture. The Rabaris are deeply spiritual, worshiping Hindu deities like Lord Shiva and Goddess Durga. Their traditional attire includes black woolen clothes for men and embroidered garments for women. The Rabaris follow a patriarchal structure, and their lives revolve around livestock and traditional practices. They maintain their cultural identity through oral traditions, folk songs, and ceremonies.
ii) Beliefs and Customs Among the Noatia Tribe
The Noatia tribe, one of the 19 tribal communities of Tripura, practices a mix of animism and Hinduism, with a strong reverence for nature and ancestral spirits. Their traditional festivals, such as Garia Puja, involve offerings to the deity of prosperity and protection. They believe in supernatural forces and rely on shamans for spiritual guidance and healing. The Noatias celebrate major life events, including birth and marriage, with elaborate rituals. Community participation and oral traditions play a significant role in preserving their unique customs and beliefs.
iii) Rites of Passage Among the Gonds
The Gonds, one of India’s largest tribal communities, have distinct rites of passage marking major life stages.
- Birth: Ceremonies involve blessings from elders and offerings to ancestral spirits.
- Marriage: A significant event with rituals such as the exchange of turmeric paste and blessings from the community.
- Death: Cremation is accompanied by mourning rituals and offerings to ensure the soul's safe passage to the afterlife.
These rites are rooted in animistic beliefs, reflecting their connection to nature and ancestors.
iv) Limbu Tribe
The Limbu tribe is an indigenous group from eastern Nepal and parts of Sikkim. They speak the Limbu language, which belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family. The Limbus practice Kiranti religion, combining animism and ancestor worship, though many have adopted Hinduism or Buddhism. Festivals like Chasok Tongnam, a harvest celebration, are significant in their culture. They are skilled in agriculture and are known for weaving traditional textiles. Limbu women wear distinctive Dhaka fabric, and their vibrant folklore and dances reflect their rich cultural heritage.
v) Folk Medicine
Folk medicine refers to traditional healing practices passed down through generations, relying on natural remedies, herbs, and rituals. It is deeply rooted in the cultural beliefs of communities and often involves shamans or healers. In tribal areas, plants like neem, tulsi, and turmeric are used for treating ailments. Folk medicine incorporates spiritual practices, emphasizing harmony between the body, mind, and nature. Though modern medicine has reduced its prevalence, folk medicine remains an essential part of tribal healthcare, especially in remote regions.
vi) Megalithic Culture
Megalithic culture refers to the tradition of erecting large stone structures, often for funerary or ceremonial purposes. Found across India, particularly in tribal areas, these structures include dolmens, menhirs, and stone circles. The Garo and Khasi tribes of Meghalaya still maintain megalithic traditions for ancestor worship. These monuments reflect the spiritual and social aspects of ancient communities, emphasizing their connection to death and the afterlife. Megalithic culture serves as an important archaeological resource, shedding light on prehistoric societies and their rituals.
vii) Marriage Practices Among the Chakma Tribe
The Chakma tribe, predominantly found in the northeastern states of India, practices endogamy, marrying within their community. Chakma marriages involve elaborate rituals, beginning with matchmaking and the payment of a bride price. The wedding ceremony includes offerings to ancestors and blessings from elders. Music and dance play a central role during the celebrations. Divorce is rare but socially accepted, and remarriage is allowed. Chakma marriages reflect their Buddhist beliefs and community-oriented culture.
viii) Flora and Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh is known for its rich biodiversity, home to diverse flora and fauna.
- Flora: The region boasts dense forests, orchids, rhododendrons, and medicinal plants. Tropical, temperate, and alpine vegetation flourish due to varying altitudes.
- Fauna: It is home to species like the red panda, clouded leopard, snow leopard, and the great hornbill.
Protected areas like Namdapha National Park and Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary help preserve this biodiversity. Arunachal’s unique ecological wealth makes it a crucial area for conservation.
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